间接蒸发冷却（IEC）系统通过将空气中的热量传递到湿通道中冷却水的方式，来冷却干燥通道中产品空气的温度。IEC是一种冷却技术，可应用于许多供暖、通风和空调应用等场景，如数据中心、体育设施、服务大楼、市场、剧院和其他场所。IEC系统是多效的，可以为建筑行业提供冷却，既能同时降低CFC排放，也可减少对传统空调的依赖。为了强化传热传质过程的数学表示，本文旨在检查、调查、评估并提出最佳设计及操作参数。研究了热质交换器（HMX）尺寸和流量参数对IEC系统性能的影响，以确定最佳设计和操作条件。提出了一个基于IEC传热传质过程的数学模型，同时考虑润湿因子，以揭示和评估其性能。对一次风道中的冷凝现象进行了研究，以找出强烈影响冷凝现象的参数。进行了CFD研究，通过改变HMX板的形状来增强传热传质过程。进行了稳态工况下的实验研究并得到热力学参数对冷却效率的影响以及模拟结果的验证。首先，基于传质和传热原理建立了这一目标的数学模型。利用文献中的仿真和实验数据对模型进行了验证。研究了HMX尺寸和流量特性对IEC系统性能的影响。模拟中使用了影响输出空气温度、冷却能力、性能系数及湿球效率的各种操作和结构参数。本研究为实现高效率运行提供了理想的运行参数和最佳的冷却器设计规范。第二，探讨了板式换热器中表面润湿因子对传热传质特性的影响。为此创建了一个数值模型来执行IEC的传热传质过程计算。已发表的文献数据完美验证了数学模型。详细研究中使用了产品气流的平均出口温度、冷却能力速率及湿球效率来确定显著影响间接蒸发冷却系统性能的因素。模拟结果表明，表面润湿因子会显著影响IEC的功能。此外，增加润湿性会对湿球效率和冷却能力产生积极影响。第三，研究了横流IEC系统中湿热区的传热传质过程。因而基于IEC内的能量和质量平衡，建立了一个预测一次空气冷凝的数值模型。数值模型通过使用文献中的数值和实验数据进行验证，结果完全一致。通过精确模拟以观测干通道中的无冷凝、部分冷凝以及完全冷凝的实际工况。在一次和二次风速、入口温度、湿度比和润湿因子等各种操作参数下，评估了IEC系统的性能。结果表明，湿度比、输入温度、速度和润湿因子等操作参数影响主风道中的三种冷凝状态。此外，润湿因子显著影响冷凝和冷却过程。第四，利用CFDFluent软件，分析了表面结构对IEC湿通道传热传质机理的影响。确定了三种不同表面形状（平面、半圆和正方形）对水膜形成、空气流速分布的不同变化，进而分析相关变化对热质传递过程的影响。根据研究结果，与简单表面相比，复杂表面在流动方向上产生更高的空气速度，从而导致更大的湍动和更高的蒸发率。无论是用于冷却还是用于海水淡化，本研究通过选择合适的换热器表面形状，都有助于蒸发设备的设计。

The indirect evaporative cooling (IEC) system is a cooling technology that may be applied in many heating, ventilation, and air conditioning applications, such as data centers, sports facilities, service buildings, markets, theaters, and other sites. IEC cools the primary air temperature in the dry channel by transferring heat from the air to cooling water in the wet  channel. In order to enhance IEC’s model, this work proposed an improved mathematical model based on the heat and mass transfer process considering the wettability factor to  reveal and estimate its performance. Through many numerical  simulations and experimental studies, the optimum operating conditions and size of the IEC system under various heat and mass exchanger (HMX) geometries, plate shapes, and operating conditions have been obtained. In addition, the condensation phenomenon in the primary air channel is investigated to find the parameters that strongly affect the phenomenon.
Firstly, a parametric analysis of IEC performance under various operating conditions was performed. The impact of the HMX dimensions and different flow characteristics on IEC system performance were examined. Results showed that the optimal dimensions that give good efficiency in climates with moderate humidity, the length of the duct should be between 0.6 to 1.0 m, the width of the channel between 0.3 to 0.5 m, and the channel gap between 0.004 to 0.01 m. It has also been observed that the increasing primary air velocity positively affects cooling performance, and its velocity should not be less than 1 m/s. This research offers the
ideal operating parameters for achieving high operational efficiency and the perfect cooler design specifications.
Secondly, the surface wettability factor’s influence on heat and mass transfer characteristics in a plate-type IEC was explored. Therefore, an improved mathematical model considering the wettability factor was proposed to reveal and estimate its performance. The mathematical model was validated using data from the literature published with good agreement. The simulation outcomes demonstrated how the surface wettability factor significantly affects the functionality of IECs. When the wetting factor is increased from (0.5–1.0) the wet-bulb efficiency increased from 69% to 92%, respectively, and the average outlet temperature decreased from 27 ?C to 24 ?C. Further, increasing wettability positively impacts wet-bulb efficiency and cooling capacity.

Thirdly, the heat and mass transfer process in a cross-flow IEC system for hot and humid regions is examined. This study considers the condensation from the primary air that occurs in the dry channel due to the high humidity of the inlet air. Precise simulations are run to observe and examine the condensation instances, including (non, partial, and complete condensation) in the dry channel. The findings showed that operational parameters impacted the three condensation
states in the principal air channel. when the factor is reduced to 0.5, condensation is delayed; and the amount is reduced to 0.52 g/kg instead of 1.32 g/kg when the factor is 1. Also, the average temperature at the outlet increased from 20.2 ?C to 23.4 ?C when the factor was reduced from 1 to 0.5, respectively.
Fourthly, three different surface shapes (flat, semi-circular, and square plates) were studied to determine how the water layer is formed, the air velocity, and thus its effect on heat and mass transfer. It was revealed that the square surface has a high velocity of 0.85 m/s, whereas the flat surface has a velocity of 0.7 m/s under the sameworking conditions, and that this difference leads to an increase in the evaporation rate, which can reach 0.0175 kg/kg. According to the findings, complex surfaces produce higher air velocities in the flow direction than simpler surfaces, which causes a more turbulent flow and a higher evaporation rate.
Finally, a cross-flow IEC is designed and used to investigate,  experimentally, the effects of flow parameters on outlet temperature, wet-bulb efficiency, and coefficient of performance. Therefore, a series of tests were carried out on the IEC system. In addition, the experiment
results obtained in this work were used to verify the numerical model  proposed previously. The results showed that the air temperature decreases rapidly in the two channels when the inlet temperature is high, where the temperature decreased from 40.6 ?C to 29.2 ?C and 26.4 ?C for the secondary air. Still, when the inlet temperature was 27.5 ?C, the temperature difference was only 3.6 ?C. It was found that raising the secondary air velocity has a positive effect on the performance of the system. In contrast to the positive effect of raising the secondary air velocity, increasing the primary air velocity has a detrimental effect on system performance.

The results can be used as reference data for futurework on designing and manufacturing the IEC system as an alternative to conventional refrigeration systems or as an auxiliary system for energy saving. The phenomena of condensation in the exchanger’s dry channel were monitored and investigated in hot and humid environments, which widens the application of IEC systems. The topic is closely related to the strategic needs of environmental protection and national energy
conservation and emission reduction. 

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